Twenty First Century Technology - 1028 Words

Today in the twenty first century technology is used in everyday life and could even be said that in today’s life it is needed or essential to have, and one of the most recognizable figures of modern technology is Steven Paul Jobs or as the whole world knows him; Steve Jobs the charismatic former chairmen, co-founder and CEO of Apple Inc. ‘father’ to the iMac, iPod, iPad, and iPhone. â€Å"A man with three personas: a life on stage, at work and at home. Some say that he was a different man when seen in one persona when you’re used to seeing him in another.† () In his life time he was able to revolutionize technology and completely change how we live our lives because of these innovations. He would move from â€Å"one industry after another, from computers and smart phones to music and movies.†(). Born on February 24, 1955 in San Francisco, California Jobs was born, but was instantly put up for adoption since his biological parents’ (Ab dulfatah Jandali and Joanne Schieble) families did not accept his parents’ relationship. Fortunately, he was adopted at birth by Paul and Clara Jobs since they could not bear a child () because of ectopic pregnancy, a life-threating pregnancy that occurs outside the womb. () Jobs even states that â€Å"‘Paul and Clara are 100% my parents and Abdulfatah and Joanne- are only a sperm and an egg bank. It’s not rude, it’s the truth.†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢() In the early age of five Jobs developed a hobby when his father would teach him how to take apart and reassemble electronicsShow MoreRelatedHealthcare Information Technology and Managerial Control in the Twenty-First Century3077 Words   |  12 PagesHealth Care Information Technology and Managerial Control in the Twenty-First Century Introduction The US has been facing a crisis in its healthcare system. There are systemic issues regarding the cost, quality and access to healthcare which need to be addressed with utter urgency. The US spends more than 18% of its gross domestic product (GDP) on healthcare which is more than any industrialized nation spends both as a percentage of GDP and on a capital level. Despite this huge expenditure, thereRead MoreThe Impact Of Technology On The Physical, Learning, And Social Development Of Twenty First Century Children1477 Words   |  6 Pagesten-years-old and has used technology daily throughout her childhood, with concentrated use beginning around age 5. This fixation with technology may lead to problems during her preoperational and concrete developmental stages. I often find myself telling her to go play outside or to play in her room, as an attempt to encourage physical activity, but I don’t really have any concrete explanation as to why my pleas seem to consistently fail. I currently assume that technology is more detrimental thanRead MoreThe Impact Of Technology On Medical Care1670 Words   |  7 PagesWhen engineers in technology put their hands on medical care and brought the new improve medical care. Everyday engineers in technology envision the future health and new strategies of how technology inventions will help humanity. Technology engineers are upgrading medical care. When someone is having a medical difficulty outside a reach of a doctor, engineering in technology have invented an ambulance drone that will get to the person within minutes. Many people in the past had to suffer becauseRead More Are We Illiterate Essay1011 Words   |  5 Pagesand redefined nearly as rapidly as new generations emerge. As we tread into the twenty first century, our generation moves to redefine literacy once again. However, unlike generations past, we are taking literacy and rapidly spanning it over new mediums that had been, until recently, unavailable. Adva nces in technology within the past twenty years have been so immense that the human race has literally packed up centuries of research, data, history and other information and moved it into the digitalRead MoreThe Value of Technology at Home and School766 Words   |  3 PagesStudents whether they are in kindergarten, high school, or college all value technology, not only in their own personal lives but in their school and when they learn (Swan and Hooft 653). All learners want technology integrated into their schools to make for a more diverse learning experience throughout their schooling. All levels of students want the learnings and lectures to be more challenging, with meaningful instructional activities that require multiple technological aspects (653). Most studentsRead MoreNifty Fifties to the Twenty-first Century Essay686 Words   |  3 PagesNifty Fifties to the Twenty-First Century Most of our grandparents remember the times of the fifties. A time of youthfulness, rebellion and rock and roll is what the fifties were all about. As the teenagers of the twenty first century start to grow up, and have families of their own, they will also remember what their youth was like, as did their grandparents. The teenagers of the fifties and the twenty-first century could be compared to day and night. The 1950s have come and gone, but itRead MoreChina s Economic Growth With Capacity And Influence941 Words   |  4 PagesSince the 1980 s China is a develop country that never stop until now, and will rise to dominate the world in the Twenty First Century. China has a big potential geographic realm, population and natural resource which not else has in the world. Based in China s economic miracle from oriented economy to open market it is presented a transitions economy with more orderly, established, and accommodating that could have been imagined for all of us. It start ed from zero economy level and will grow mayRead MoreIdentity Theft Is A Method Of Cybercrime1220 Words   |  5 Pagesthe twenty-first century, there have been so many new inventions with technology, changes in politics, fashion, social behaviors, and others. It takes a lot of common sense and education to know how this technological, intelligent world works now days. There are so many words and phrases for someone to know in order to understand how today’s generations work. Two important terms that I think someone would need to know the meaning of and how to avoid it in order to be savvy in the twenty-first centuryRead Morecharacteristic of management1092 Words   |  5 Pagesconstant development. The history of management theory and idea is evolving. Between the twentieth century and twenty first century, the environment of management has been changed from stable and predictable to unending changeable. According to Kiechel’s (2012) theory, with the definite law, p rinciple and regulation, management belong to a real science system. In this essay, two topics will be discussed. The first one is management theories and ideas have changed over time with two factors which are theRead MoreTwenty First Century Learner1594 Words   |  7 PagesStudents today are often referred to as twenty first century learners because of access they have to technology. They collaborate amazingly well. They love team work and figuring out things with their friends. The twenty first century learners are information driven. They have never known a world without Google. The twenty first century learners are self-directed learners, they are able to learn whatever with free online sources. Todays learners download their own songs and apps from

Essay about Women in Roles on Television - 665 Words

Women in Roles on Television The quality of American television has become a national disgrace. Young women in America who are displeased with their appearance more likely then not can trace those feelings directly back to images from the mass media on television. The unrealistic representations of women that the mass media bombards young women with indicates that the television has become a source for a distorted understanding of gender roles among adolescent women. These images warp young women’s views of their own gender identity. The mass media on television should in an attempt to provide more positive gender identities for adolescent women depict women on television in more realistic ways, should stop†¦show more content†¦Equally important would be to stop reinforcing negative stereotypes of women on television. Television still represents traditional views of society. Women are often still generally represented as inferior to men on televis ion. Television shows have to stop representing women as being neurotic like Monica on Friends, or difficult and bossy like Amanda on Melrose Place, or ditsy like Phoebe on Friends. Women should be represented as more than the standard stereotypical negative and simplified character viewers generally see. Television allows people to see more and choose what they want to be. Women need to be shown in occupations that are not the stereotypical, such as the occupations of nurse, maid, sales assistant, or models. Men are often shown as the breadwinners while women are shown as being emotional and domestic caregivers. Television ought to demonstrate strong older women instead of feeble grandmothers baking cookies. Teenage girls should be represented on television as being able to have serious conversations and feeling that their brains are as important as their looks. Women are often shown as only being able to get what they want by using sexuality. Television audiences certainly must demand more from the television shows the audience watches. Additionally, advertisers see women as parts. Advertisers represent women as lips, legs, breasts, butts, and as creatures thatShow MoreRelatedThe Roles Of Black Women On Reality Television1900 Words   |  8 Pages Reality television is a programming that documents apparently unscripted real-life situations. The genre of reality TV shows focus tends to be on drama and personal conflict, rather than educating viewers. The roles of black women on reality television depict negative stereotypes. The roles they are portraying makes them out to look negative. Black women are already assumed to be angry, petty, loud, violent, bad attitudes, drama queens, and many more. Their actions on reality TV is portrayed toRead MoreThe Impact Of Television On Television1402 Words   |  6 PagesTelevision has come to define American culture and its youth in very significant ways. What began as a platform for entertainment has branched out into becoming a remarkable and unexpected way for younger children to learn. It is important to note what is being broadcasted on television because of how much influence it has on the youth. It has become the dominant storyteller in homes rather than parents, the church, or s chools (Signorielli, 2001). As technology further advances, children are generallyRead MorePortrayal Of A Woman s Independence1400 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract This study analyzed the portrayal of a woman’s independence in television advertisements. The goal was to determine if there was a difference in how women are portrayed in TV commercials when they target male and female dominant audiences based on a woman’s independence. I hypothesized that more commercials will portray woman as independent when targeting female audiences than when targeting male audiences. Fifty commercials were recorded from two different networks: Bravo Network, to analyzeRead MoreMass Media And Gender In The 1950s752 Words   |  4 Pagessince the 1950’s when television became a household phenomenon. Per Jacqueline Coombs in an article titled Gender Differences in the Influence of Television on Gender Ideology, she asserts, â€Å"television is a powerful source in disseminating information and shaping opinion, exposing people from many different social settings to the same messages† (207). These messages can influence gender norms and reinforce personal gender identity. Throughout the evolution of television, gender roles have expanded portrayingRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie D I V O R B N E904 Words   |  4 PagesRoseanne uses her television series to show how women really were like in the 1980s. They were pretty much in control of the family and relationship. They rejected all stereotypes of the man being the king of the house. The women had the power and authority to back them up. In another episode titled â€Å"D-I-V-O-R-C-E† Roseanne tries to convince her husband Dan to go on a romantic dinner. She goes out of her way to convince Dan to suit up with a tie and go out to dinner with her. In the episode RoseanneRead MoreEssay On Representing More People In Television1064 Words   |  5 PagesRepresenting More People in Television Television is a form of media that has been around since the 1950’s and has made slow but steady progress in representing everyone since then. We have come a long way from the shows about a white American, upper middle class, nuclear family that lives in the suburbs. Today, representation in television is much broader, but still has shortcomings. From the 1950’s to the 1990’s, many shows were about families or a group of friends, such as The Brady Bunch, CheersRead MoreThe Reality Of Television Shows1370 Words   |  6 Pagesin to watch their favorite television shows. A 2015 study found that the majority of the viewers are women and some of the most popular television shows are based on crime drama (Parrott 70). It does not matter if the shows are complete fiction or narratives and reenactments of a real crime that has taken place the gore, violence, and pure disgust keeps these viewers coming back week after week. These crime based television shows portray wom en in traditional gender roles, normally a homemaker withRead MoreGender Roles Of Men And Women1749 Words   |  7 PagesRoles of Males and Females in Different Television Programs Americans watch an alarming amount of television starting from a young age. The average American watches five hours of television a day (Koblin 2016). This enormous amount of media input influences perceptions and is connected to cementing many things in people, such as gender roles. Gender roles are thoughts, actions, and feelings learned by a person fitting their gender due to cultural norms (Santrock 2016). Additionally, stereotypes appealRead MoreAfrican American Women : Hypersexualized Vs. Angry Black Woman807 Words   |  4 PagesAfrican American Women: Hypersexualized vs. Angry Black Woman African American women have not had the opportunity to land career changing roles in many years. Most roles that are offered are small roles where they are seen and not really heard. There has been a shift in the past few years where African American women have increased in their appearance in television shows. Minorities have been underrepresented in television shows in the years, however in recent years there has been a trend of moreRead MoreThe Reality Of Television Shows1374 Words   |  6 Pagestheir favorite television shows. These people sit down with snacks in hand, waiting for new drama to unfold. A 2015 study found that the majority of the viewers are women and some of the most popular television shows are based on crime drama (Parrott 70). It does not matter if the shows are complete fiction or narratives and reenactments of a real crime that has taken place. The gore, violence, and pure disgust keeps these viewers coming back week after week. These crime-based televisio n shows portray

Project Management Theories Free Essays

Assessment 2: Pre-Course Assignment (20%) Carry out a comprehensive literature review on the software development methodologies (for eg: Rapid Application Development, Object-Oriented Software Development etc) adopted by organizations emphasizing on the following for each method addressed: * What are the main characteristics of the method? * What are the main constraints of the method? * What are the advantages and drawbacks of the method? * When is this method more suitable to use? This is an individual assignment. All reference materials used must be properly acknowledged. Use Harvard referencing method. We will write a custom essay sample on Project Management Theories or any similar topic only for you Order Now Assessment 3: Main Assignment (20%) Select an organization of your choice. * Describe the nature of the organization and the nature of the industry to which it belongs to. * Identify the major competitors and the competitive forces affecting the organization. Describe any environmental opportunities or threats to the chosen company that can be considered as significant or likely to be significant over the next few years. * Identify key business, functional or standalone strategies formulated by the chosen company to face the changing environmental conditions. How are these strategies matched with the strengths and weaknesses of the company? * Critically examine the Information systems/strategic IS used, development alternatives used, the purpose of use and analyze the benefits achieved and drawbacks of these information systems. Explain how each of these systems supports the overall business goals of the organization. * Describe the nature of the relationship between the IT division and the other divisions of the organization. Explain problem, change and recovery management processes adopted by the IT division. If the organization does not posses such processes, you may make suitable suggestions as part of your recommendations) * Explain the types of controls used by the IT division in order to protect the IT assets of the organization. * Explain briefly how IT costs are recovered and charge back mechanisms used by the IT division. * Based on you findings make suitable recommendations to improve the Information Systems and the IT division that would enable the organization to emerge as a market leader. Related article: Conveyor Belt Project How to cite Project Management Theories, Essay examples

Learning Style free essay sample

The first time I crossed the Atlantic, I slept in a bucket. No longer a baguette-sized infant, I have grown to consider unpredictability foremost among the pleasures of travel. Coming from the brutally predictable setting of a Vermont Catholic high school, I cherish my summers in Rome. I think I first truly appreciated the wonderful strangeness of a global culture when I sat with my Colombian friend Veronica in an apartment belonging to our friends from Dubai. After a relaxing afternoon of gelato and sketching, we were basking in the sophistication our Arab hosts provided. With an innocent curiosity encouraged by Veronica’s 26-year-old sister, we relaxed and listened to a pirated CD of Arab pop, jokingly belly dancing and getting excited for our evening plans. Despite the frequency of my family’s trips to Rome, I anticipate their thrilling spontaneity. Supreme among the nine summers I’ve spent in Rome at Veronica’s side was this past one when we took a college drawing class. We will write a custom essay sample on Learning Style or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Our subjects included the feet and hands on Bernini’s statue of the Four Rivers at Piazza Navona, a pregnant nude model and the ruins at the Roman Forum. For four hours at a time, our class of nine young women would crouch in consistently conspicuous positions, inviting tourists’ stares who were sick of their droning guides and eager for diversion. On our day at the bridge of Castel Sant Angelo, we rearranged ourselves to accommodate the Sudanese vendors of knock-off designer purses who safely peddled their wares on Vatican turf, away from the Italian immigration police who chased them in the Eternal City. One night after class, Veronica, two of her Italian girlfriends and I went to see Luigi Pirandello’s play â€Å"Six Characters in Search of an Author† performed outdoors on the Aventine. We gathered in the courtyard of a Byzantine church to celebrate Veronica’s birthday before she left for a month in Bolivia, and looked out at the vista of Rome. I was distracted by the achingly beautiful sunset of pink and purple textured by the smog of the motorini below, too much to let me follow their rapid gossip in Italian. Not a single aspect of that day had been planned, and that made it so different from my robotic system of routine in my other life back in Vermont. Here I had seen art, imitated it and hurt because of it. Here I felt alive and hungrily curious about what other plays and concerts and gatherings contributed to the hum of noise pollution that rose from the buildings below me. That night I felt youth inside my ribs, a space inside my body to trap more of this world-love I felt and carry it back home.

System of Protection for Asylum Seekers and Refugees Internship

Introduction A refugee refers to an individual who has fled his or her country to seek shelter, protection or other basic human needs in another country. There are different situations that may force an individual out of his or her country, some of them being characterized by gross violation of human rights.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on System of Protection for Asylum Seekers and Refugees Internship specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These different situations can lead to the mass movement of groups of individuals, usually civilians, or fleeing of few individuals of eminent personalities in the country. In addition, a protracted warfare that is experienced in a given country may force some of the civilians that are affected by war to flee from the country to another country in need of protection. Clashes that are often witnessed among neighboring ethnic communities have also been seen to contribute to the displ acement of some proportion of a given population.  The members of some minority communities may be evicted by rival group. The same applies to the citizens of a country that experiences war with countries. In addition, residents of a war-torn section of a country may be forced out of their residential homes to seek protection elsewhere. Moreover, political temperatures in a country also contribute to the displacement of citizens that become asylum seekers. For instance, a political coup attempt may result into a war between the military on the side of the government and the opposition that attempts to overthrow the government. Civilians are often the victims of such violent circumstances and are forced to flee the country. They are supposed to receive some protection from the government and if this has failed, then they feel they should run away for safety (Selm-Thorburn, 1998). Members of the rebel group or some liberation movement often flee their country for fear of being oppre ssed by the present government. These liberation movements find it convenient to lay strategies and implement their planned attacks while they are outside their country. This also applies to some senior official in the current government of a given country that has had an ideological difference with his or her seniors and fears that he or she may be assassinated. Regardless of the roots and the immediate cause of refugees and asylum seekers, these individuals have certain common problems that need to be addressed by the host nations. The majority of these individuals have lost all the property from which they would obtain the basic human needs.Advertising Looking for report on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Some have lost members of their families to the violent wrangles or disasters whereas others have families disintegrated with little possibilities of ever coming together again. The experiences of the refu gees on their way from the cruel land are quite tormenting. Some have been psychologically upset due to the loss of property and relatives and the experiences they encountered during the exodus. The refugees and asylum seekers, thus, require psychological therapy and proper guidance and counseling. They still require education and other forms of training that can enable them realize their dreams in life.  The United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) is an agency under the United Nations that deals wit the refugees from different parts of the globe. There is need to determine a true refugee who should be accommodated in given country. These systems will examine the roots and the immediate causes of the asylum seekers and establish their viability. A host nation may unknowingly protect and accommodate, as a refugee, a criminal or a terrorist from an enemy nation who can plan massive attack on the country or from the host country. The bodies at the local and international levels obtain support from other donor agencies and international organization to help meet the needs of the refugees. There is still more to be done by the international agencies concerned with the refugees. While providing a solution for the immediate problems, there is also a need to determine the ways that can help prevent more influx of the refugees. An analysis of the areas that are prone to sending away refugees will provide an insight on the better preventive mechanisms that may be employed. About the organization The System of protection for asylum seekers and refugees (SPRAR) is an Italian national system that deals with refugees and asylum seekers. The system began to develop in the beginning of the last decade following a joint work by different non-governmental organizations, the Ministry of Interior in Italy, the National Association of the Italian Municipality (ANCI), and the UNHCR (Servizio Centrale- History of the Reception System, 2011a,). These different bodies co nsidered the situations that had been recorded in the systems of receiving refugees in 1999 and 2000 and approved the National Asylum Program (PNA). The system flourished in the country and drew support from local and national departments. SPRAR was legally instituted in 2002 from the reception measures that had been established in the PNA. A body was also instituted by the Ministry of Interior that would support the local institutions that provided the reception to refugees and asylum seekers. Under the management of the National Association of the Italian Municipality, the established Central Service would provide ‘Information, Promotion, Advice, Monitoring, and Support to the local bodies’ (Servizio Centrale, 2011a).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on System of Protection for Asylum Seekers and Refugees Internship specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The local bodies in the SPRAR protection system obta in financial support from the National Funds for Asylum Policies and Services to carry out their activities (SPRAR, 2009, p.6). They also obtain support from various non-governmental organizations and other volunteer individuals and not-for-profit organizations. There is also a fraction of financial support obtained from the European Refugee Fund from the European Commission. In return, the protection system provides a wide range of services to the refugees and asylum seekers. Apart from the provision of food and accommodation, the protection system also provides guidance and support to help improve the economic and social status of the refugees. The SPRAR considers two main categories of individuals that can benefit from their projects. The first category comprises individuals who are seeking international protection. In many instances, most of these individuals have applied for international protection and are waiting for a decision following their application. The other category includes those that have been granted protection and are absorbed in the refugee centers or given any other support as may be required (SPRAR, 2009). Aims of the organization The SPRAR projects in Italy are intended to remove the burden that is placed on a central government agency in dealing with the refugees and asylum seekers in the country. The systems are aimed at improving the kind of reception that is provided to the refugees in the refugee centers. By involving actors from all sectors of the economy, the protections systems attempt to provide for the needs of the refugees and help them regenerate and develop into responsible and dignified members of a society. Ethos of the organization In setting the aims and objectives, an organization has to draw from certain principle and values. The achievement of the above aims and objectives is enhanced by the kind of organizational values and principles that are applied in its activities. These sets of values that define the culture o f the organization are called its ethos. As a system that provides accommodation to individuals that are displaced from their original residential homes the SPRAR protection considers respect for others very essential in performing its activities. Refugees are mainly those that have been forced by circumstances to lose respect for themselves and for others. The system has identified the need to have respect among the refugees in a given camp and between the refugees and the staff that run the protection institutions. There is need to respect the cultural and ideological differences that are to be witnessed in this new society.  Another characteristic that is valued by the system is love and care. The experiences that most of the victims have had, made them loose that sense of love. They often cannot make a meaning of being loved and neither do they offer love to others.Advertising Looking for report on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The integrated reception provided by the protection centers can only be possible if the workers at these institutions are caring and loving. The respect for others will be enhanced by the love and empathy that one has for these individuals. In this context, the organization also values the privacy and confidentiality in an individual. It is difficult to exercise privacy in the refugee accommodations due to lack of enough space. While in the accommodations provided by the center the refugees can form some groups in which they share their experiences. Some of the victims had different violations of human rights such as rape or abduction. It is required that the information about an individual’s experiences remain confidential either with the counseling staff or with the group member who shared the experiences. The health safety is also considered in the system. In as much as the victims require some form of protection, the system also recognizes the fact that they need to recei ve services that are sensitive to the health hazards that may emerge. The system has purposed that the refugees be subjected to healthy living conditions including shelter and meals. The organization also values a sense of understanding and having a feeling for other people. The system recognizes the needs of the employees at different institutions to understand the situations that the victims are undergoing. They need to imagine themselves in such situations and apply the necessary ethnic principles. They need to handle the refugees in a manner that they would appreciate if applied on them. The principle of equality is also fundamental in the operations at the various centers in the system. In as much as the accommodations draw individuals from diverse situations, the system sees a need to have some equality in the execution of their services. The UNHCR requires that those that are eligible to be granted international protection should not be denied such an opportunity (Redmond, 20 05; Feller et al, 2003). The elements of discrimination should not be evident in the provision of the services to the refugees. This, however, does not preclude the special attention to the victims that are exposed to greater risks and need special assistance. The pressures and challenges facing the organization There are challenges that are faced by the protection system in attempting to provide its services to the refugees and asylum seekers. Firstly, despite the financial support that the protection institutions obtain from the government and other donor agencies, the whole system is still faced with the problem of lack of enough funds. There is an increasing need for the provision of the services due to the increasing number of the victims of human rights violations. Italy has also had issues with the UNHCR over how the refugees have been handled in the last decade (Redmond, 2005). This could be attributed to the fact that the refugee protection in Italy is based on the fundamen tal norms to promote humanitarian behaviors and that have not been changed into fundamental legislation (Cuko, 2010, p.36). The increasing number of the refugees also poses a challenge on the organizational management. There is a frequent need to restructure the organization at the institutions that provide the protection services to the refugees to be able to accommodate the growing population. There is need to optimize the resources that are available while not lowering the quality of the services that are offered by the institutions (SPRAR, 2009). There is a constant need to establish or acquire more facilities. Besides, the maintenance of the existing facilities like houses also poses challenges to SPRAR and the supporting agencies.  Another problem that is faced by the system is the diverse needs of the asylum seekers and the refugees. These individuals have undergone different experiences and need different kinds of attention. Some of the refugees are adults who have undergo ne some training and have skills that can be applied in some sectors of the economy. Others are adults but lack basic skills that could be applied in the economic fields whereas others are minors that need education alongside accommodation and food. Similarly, there are those that criticized the government and escaped a planned assassination by the top government officials. These individuals have different levels of exposure to more risks and need to be handled differently. The diverse needs of the refugees and asylum seekers are, thus, a challenge in an attempt to standardize the conditions at the refugee reception institutions. There is a problem in caring for differently vulnerable individuals (SPRAR, 2009, p.4). In the refugee camps, the refugees could also develop further complications that add on the cost of their accommodation. While at the establishment, I encountered a woman who was diagnosed with cancer when under protection by the SPRAR. The woman who was already engaged in some occupation was forced to leave her job and obtain good care. Fortunately, the protection system managed to help her and she is currently fit to take on a job. There are cases that are hard to deal with and perhaps the standard procedures of managing them had not been developed by the system. Other than diverse needs of the refugees, some cases proved difficult to handle when I was at the organization. There was a young woman who had been sexually abused. This experience seemed to have had permanent psychological damage on the woman. Despite the care provided at the centers, the woman showed no signs of improvement. One other critical case was a man who had also had ugly experiences like imprisonment and torture. When in the country, he was also charged for theft. The care that was provided to him at the centers seemed not to provide a good therapy. He later moved on to stay in France. Such unique cases are hard to handle and no standard procedures may be developed to manage them.  The cultural diversity among the asylum seekers and the refugees is also a challenge that the system faces. The refugee reception centers receive victims from many different countries with the most diverse cultures. These victims with different cultural backgrounds have to be made to be one society and co-inhabit some niche. The individuals also have different lifestyles. There is a difficulty in developing a common organizational culture based on this diversity. There is need to cultivate in the refugees the need to respect and be able to accommodate the other cultures. Another challenge is the language barrier and the difference in the educational systems of Italy and the refugees’ countries of origin. In training such refugees as an attempt to help them make the ends meet, it would be required that they first learn the local language. While this may be advantageous to the refugee, it adds on the cost of the reception of the refugees by the protection centers. The difference in the educational system also impedes the attempt to model the refugees who had undergone some professional training before the flight to apply their knowledge and skills in the local setting. Cases have been seen where a professional refugee is not able to apply his or her professional knowledge and skills as they are in Italy. Such individuals are forced to start adapting to the system in Italy before they can apply their skills and expertise. The other challenges include the irregular migratory patterns that make the planning processes difficult in Italy (Redmond, 2009). The SPRAR has a problem in identifying the asylum seekers. The organization is well aware of the greater number of vulnerable individuals who need accommodation and other forms of protection. There is, perhaps, a barrier between the institutions and the vulnerable children. This may not allow for the identification of this category. A report in 2009 had showed that about 200 minors had been absorbed i nto the centers that support the asylum seekers (SPRAR, 2009, p.3). This number was observed to be far less than the expected number of the vulnerable children that need support. Available opportunities The SPRAR protection system also has certain opportunities that could be exploited to enhance their service delivery. An analysis of the historical politics on the emigrants into the country as well as the patterns that had been recorded earlier can help in developing a system that is more effective. Although the country has witnessed different political views on migration (Puggioni, 2006) the challenges that an organization faces and the attempts to provide their solution can often create some useful opportunities. The system has noticed that some vulnerable individuals are not under their protection and could get into more danger. The need to provide an explanation to this scenario has called for a combined effort of the SPRAR and the other governmental and non-governmental bodies. With such a commitment, it is necessary to develop new ideas and obtain useful materials to help maintain the protection system (SPRAR, 2009). Organizational strategies and tactics To achieve the goals that have been set, the SPRAR protection system has adopted a number of strategies that have seen the system succeed in many instances. Firstly, the system includes a wide range of actors from the public and private sectors. The actors include NGOs, various departments of the government, the non-profit organizations, charity groups, and individual volunteers. The Ministry of Interior and Local Authorities is particularly involved in promoting the activities of SPRAR (Servizio Centrale, 2011b). There exists a strong connection between all these actors and the local managing bodies. This ensures that there is free flow of resources from the central government to the individual local bodies. The collaboration between the local government and the non-governmental organization was necessa ry to solve the financial problems (Finotelli, 2004). Another effective strategy that has been applied by the system is the use of a decentralized system (Servizio Centrale, 2011b). SPRAR developed an idea that was also seen in Germany. This involved empowering the local authority in developing asylum policies to deal with the problems of the refugees (Finotelli, 2004). The management of funds and other resources would be difficult if the reception of the refugees were to be performed at the national level. The increased diversity would make the management of such camps cumbersome. There are certain needs of the refugees that may be common in some region. Thus, the decentralization of the services enables proper mitigation of such local problems. The organization leads the nation in marking the World Refugee Day every year. This annual event is carried out in different countries of the world to focus on various issues affecting the refugees internationally. SPRAR had established an asylum seekers program in Sardinia in 2007 under the management of Association Cooperation and Confrontation â€Å"La Collina†. The organization carried out the last year event in Cagliari, a city in the island of Sardinia. In the event, the refugees were involved in various activities like theatre shows aimed at improving cohesion. The theme for the last year’s event was â€Å"Home: A safe place to start.† This was meant to restore hope in the refugees who still had difficulties in traveling back home. The local authorities that managed the systems at the lower levels opted for an integrated reception for the refugees (SPRAR, 2009). The protection system purposed to provide the immediate and the long-term solutions to the problems of the refugees in the camps. They do not only provide the refugees with food and accommodation but also offer other services of social and economic significance to the refugees. There are language lessons imparted at certain stages t o help the refugees learn the systems in Italy. The adult refugees who have some professional qualifications need to adapt to the Italian system and this is easily achieved through learning the language. There are professional training offered to the refugees that can enable them earn a living. Sporting activities are also included for the youthful refugees that can help identify some unexploited talents.  The local authorities have also demonstrated their commitments to promoting the integrated reception projects. The commitments of the stakeholders and other actors at the local level have been a key factor towards realizing the objectives of the SPRAR system. This has enabled the implementation of the integrated reception projects in the refugee centre. There is a good coordination between the different local bodies. This has supported the initiatives to help the refugees regain their status in the society in accordance with the United Nations objectives and goals implemented th rough the UNHCR, which has been to resettle refugees back to their original countries after the end of a crisis (Mklebust, 1997). The system is concerned with the spiritual, moral, psychological, and different other aspects of growth in the individuals in the centers. Thus, irresponsible behaviors like alcoholism and drug abuse are not tolerated in the camp. A case occurred while at the center whereby a refugee in the camp grew violent and attacked others after taking alcohol. The management did not spare the individual despite his poor social and economic status. The individual was arrested and charged alongside the dealer who sold drugs to the refugees.  The protection systems are sensitive to the diverse needs of the refugees and asylum seekers. These individuals have varied problems that need to be addressed differently. There are special considerations given to the victims living with HIV/AIDS. Another special group that needs the attention of the protection system is minors who are not accompanied by their parents. It is always easy to accept and approve the vulnerability of such minors to more dangers and their need for protection. The protection systems in Italy have provided the minors with the opportunities to develop into full human beings. They have had opportunities to learn Italian and study other professional subjects that can enable them earn a living independently. Some of the minors have had a chance to be registered as citizens of the country (SPRAR, 2009). Some achievements in the organization Despite the problems and challenges that have impeded the operation of the system, there are certain achievements that can be pointed out so far. Firstly, the system has succeeded in coming up with a mechanism which collectively helps in fighting for the rights of the refugees. It has managed to draw the attention of different individuals from various sectors to help collectively in reinstating the asylum seekers to their respectable human status in the society. The system has also succeeded in developing a multicultural society that recognizes the cultural diversity among the different members. By holding on the values like love and respect for others, the workers in the various local bodies have managed to establish an effective environment for the cohabitation of different cultures. The refugees in the accomodations are not supposed to stay there for a lifetime. The camp should harbor the refugees for a limited time period of six months while the long term solutions to their problems are being sought. The dynamic situations that may force individuals to flee their countries are still evident and more refugees are expected in the camps. There is then a need to ease the congestion at the centers. As a way of relieving the refugee centers of the pressure that could be exerted due to the increasing flow, it is necessary that the refugees that have obtained the required protection including training and guidance be resettled els ewhere. The system assists various individuals or families and releases them when they are fit to survive independently. During the integrated reception, the victims have to prove their ability and willingness to be self-reliant. The system has succeeded in successfully training adults and resettling the individuals afresh (SPRAR, 2009). Such individuals will be role models to others in the camps and could be used as reference points by the staff during guidance and training. A case was witnessed where an individual was provided with resources by SPRAR to reestablish himself. The individual managed the resources successfully and started a new life in Cagliari.  The organization has also gone a milestone in promoting education among the minors in the camps (SPRAR, 2009). The system has seen an increased number of the minors attending educational institutions. The education provided at these institutions prepares the minors to meet their social and economic needs when they grow up. They also enable the children to learn how the Italian systems like language and culture that are necessary for an individual staying in the country works. This also encourages an individual who would want to obtain the Italian citizenship after he is fully established. The guidance provided at the centers enable the minors to handle the difficult situations that may reemerge in the future. In the learning process, sporting activities that can help the children identify their specific talents are also involved. The role and place of the host organization in the wider human rights movement The issues on human rights are currently of concern by the international governmental and non-governmental organizations (Henkin, 1979). The human rights movements are concerned with ensuring that justice is practiced to all individuals across the cultures. It also aims at upholding all the cultures protecting those minors vis-à  -vis the mainstream ones (Welch, 2001). The organization has played key roles in promoting human rights movement in Italy in the recent years. In the first place, the move to provide an integrated reception to the refugees enables these individuals to realize their dreams that were long lost due to their previous displacement and past traumas. These individuals have all the rights that any other human being has. The individuals have the right to life, self-expression, freedom of speech, security, education, health services and even participation in national issues just like the others. The violation of such rights is the main concern of the human rights movements. By the integrated reception, SPRAR promotes the human rights movement in ensuring that justice is practiced to the refugees. Secondly, the strategy that has been applied by SPRAR in collaborating with the central government and the local authority has manifested a system of governance that is effective in all the social organizations. The system has thus been adopted by the other areas wit hin Italy (SPRAR, 2009). Concluding remarks and recommendations The organization can be accredited in establishing a mechanism that does not only provide a remedial solution to the problems faced by the refugees but also develops the refugees into individuals that can survive independently. The system has succeeded in helping establish new families from the refugee camps. Nevertheless, there is still a lot to be done to manage the refugees and the situations that may force individuals to seek refuge elsewhere. Firstly, it is important to focus on the original roots of the situations that result into refugees. The system should link up with the governments and the other authorities from the countries of origin of the refugees. The respective governments are better placed to solve the crises that would force a section of the population to move outside the country. The national agencies need to comply with the provisions of the international organizations like the UNHCR to establish ef fective ways of determining the causes of the flow of refugees from some given geographical areas. Italy was seen to violate the provisions of the UNHCR by sending refugees from Libya back to their country (Redmond, 2009). Most of these governments have subsidiaries that deal with the violation of human rights. By involving the law-enforcers and following the legal procedures that are established by each government, the cases of violation of human rights can be minimized.  There are situations that may be identified by the governments but the immediate solution fails due to lack of enough resources. The system needs to collaborate with more donor agencies, political bodies, and commercial businesses to provide immediate assistance to victims that have suffered some violation. Reference List Cuko, S. 2010. The Human Rights of Refugees: the Italian Solution Aalborg University (Online) Available from http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=vq=cache:yV5EmXtfhsAJ:projekter.aau.dk/projekter/fil es/19018364/TESI_FINAL_uploaded_digital_library.doc+Italian+legislation+on+refugeeshl=engl=kepid=blsrcid=ADGEESg_nxa2NHD4LBn2PrLXvU_hBpCs_iipEHQN1doroRabLko1jMNrdzN7d2h5TaqJ9TJNFAj7SluI1eB0Ojddqx_PAXCpvvMq_lHyoegcQwm4d8VoCt5mOXul6pGP_wX4nBvYetdYsig=AHIEtbRVtSx64F4Ly_nbyENDtVZKTsUpnApli=1 Feller, E. et al. 2003. Refugee protection in international law: UNHCR’s global consultations on international protection. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Finotelli, C., 2004. The reception of refugees in Italy and in Germany: local strategies for global problems. ISTR Sixth International Conference. Web. Available from: http://atlas-conferences.com/c/a/m/l/43.htm . Henkin, L., 1979. The rights of man today. London: Taylor Francis Mklebust, R., 1997. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Web. Available from: http://www.nato.int/sfor/partners/unhcr/unhcr.htm . Puggioni, R., 2006. Refugees reception and the construction of identities: encountering Kurdish refugees in Italy. Enc ountering Kurdish refugees, Vol 54, No. 2. Web. Available from: http://www.borderlands.net.au/vol5no2_2006/puggioni_reception.htm . Redmond, R., 2005. Italy: UNHCR deeply concerned about Lampedusa deportations of Libyans. Web. Available from: http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/news/opendoc.htm?tbl=NEWSid=423ab71a4page=news . Redmond, R., 2009. Follow-up from UNHCR on Italy’s push-backs. Web. Available from: http://www.unhcr.org/4a0966936.html . Selm-Thorburn, J., 1998. Refugee protection in Europe: lessons of the Yugoslav crisis. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers Servizio Centrale. 2011. History of the Reception System. Web. Available from: http://www.serviziocentrale.it/?Historyi=15 . Servizio Centrale. 2011. SPRAR. Web. Available from: http://www.serviziocentrale.it/?Sprari=16 . SPRAR- Protection System for Asylum Seekers and Refugees. 2009. Summary of the 2008-2009 Report. Web. Available from: http://www.anci.it/Contenuti/Allegati/Abstract%202008_2009%20SPRAR%20re port.pdf . Welch, C., 2001. NGOs and human rights: promise and performance. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. This report on System of Protection for Asylum Seekers and Refugees Internship was written and submitted by user Nickolas Roth to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Aboriginal Artist - Susie Bootja Bootja essays

Aboriginal Artist - Susie Bootja Bootja essays Susie Bootja Bootja is from the Balgo community in far north Western Australia. The Balgo community, located at Wirrimanu (Balgo Hills) on the northern edge of the Tanami and Great Sandy Deserts, is one of the most isolated of Australia's desert settlements. Bootja Bootja, along with other Balgo Artist, created one of the most distinctive regional styles known in Aboriginal Art. Bootja Bootja is considered by many to be one of the most innovative and daring painters working in Central Australia today. She is well known, as is all Balgo Artist, for using of extremely vibrant colors and strong ionic designs. Bootja Bootja's persona is as colorful as her paintings. She enjoys telling stories about playing at the waterhole of Kangingarra where she grew up. She worked at one of the early mission stations in the kitchen making bread and helping to serve food to the children. There she met her first husband and had her first child, Lucy. Her husband was killed on a mustering trip due to intertribal conflict and she was left a widow. Later she married Mick Gill, also a Balgo artist and had another six children. Bootja Bootja was one of the first women painters at Balgo. She along with the help of her husband Mick Gill, their son Matthew Gill Tjupurrula and fellow artist Sunfly Tjampitjin became pioneers of early painting at Balgo. Her eldest son, Matthew, with Sister Alice Dempsey from the Street John's Adult Education Center, started the Art Center in Balgo in 1985 and Balgo art became accessible to the outside world. Since then Bootja Bootja has painted fruitfully and is well known for her use of ostentatious greens, pinks and blues. She began using her signature dotted color fields in 1996 and her style continues to flourish. James Cowan, in his book "Balgo: New Directions" has described the work of Susie Bootja Bootja as follows: "She delights in formless or abstract lines. She is more interested in painting content than st...

To what extent is there a 'global' communications industry Essay

To what extent is there a 'global' communications industry - Essay Example ication, should help to produce a society that does not interact with each other only for manipulative economic and commercial gains, rather help in preserving some vestige of traditional social structure. The traditional telecommunications model, wherein the domestic business houses provide services to domestic customers, has now taken a global perspective whereby systems and organizations are providing services on an international scale. These systems target the global sector bringing in a greater number of customers from centralized communication and data facilities irrespective of the location of the customers served or national boundaries. The transnational nature of such venture poses substantial legal, technical and practical challenges. This paper has two sections where the first section deals with an analytical study of the political economy of communication based on the conceptual tools of Vincent Mosco, a renowned communications researcher. The second section focuses on Internet as a tool for shaping and commercialization of the corporate world together with some inter-related issues highlighting the more pressing concerns. Vincent Mosco’s book on â€Å"The Political Economy of Communication† (1996) provides vital insights into the forces shaping the communication system. His theoretical analysis is based on three social processes: commodification, spatialization and structuration. Mosco defines commodification (1996: 143 – 144) as the process transforming the utility factor of a product into its market value, which is the primary means of converting social values into economic relations. Schiller (1996 a: 18) has reiterated Mosco’s view by applying this idea of exchange of information. He has stated that the innovative ways of producing, organizing and spreading information has a radical impact on industrial, political and cultural processes and practices. The generation of information and its sale has now become sites of profit making which has

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The common causes of crime in the world - Research Paper Example Every country has a certain common crime amongst its citizens. Most of these crimes result to deaths of either the offenders or the offended, and sometimes, both parties. Research indicates that most victims of crime are the young people. This paper will seek to establish and validate that economy; drug use, TV violence, and a lack of law enforcement are four common causes of crime in the world. In the 1990s, there was a low crime rate in the US compared to other proceeding years. This is attributed to the economic boom during the 1990s decade. This is majorly considered being because of low rate of unemployment and increased per capita income. However, during as economic recession, crime rate has been on the increase all over the world (Martin, 2012). There are many reasons behind the decrease in crime rate during economic prosperity ranging from strong support on the police department and law enforcement agencies to sufficient income among citizens to satisfy their needs. This means that citizens are less likely to involve themselves in crime in pursuit of means for survival, and increased law intervention is likely to caught people with intentions to commit crime due to stable support from financial resources. When there is no enough money to support the crime police unit and the law enforcement agencies, only a few policies and strategies are implemented giving criminals an opportunity to boost their crime activities. When inflation rate is high, people tend to involve themselves in black street market in order to provided cheaper goods. Inflation means high cost of living that many people may not afford put up with forcing them to adopt other means of survival. For example, high house rates may force some people the vacate house and look for cheaper ones that they are able to pay rent without much struggle (Hamm, 2007). The vacated houses may stay

Advertising Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 10

Advertising - Essay Example Youth are persons between the ages of 18 and 30. People falling under this age bracket are significantly attracted to digital music (Ferguson 43). Youth likes watching music, and are involved in downloading of popular tunes. Therefore, youth is the best target group that the advertisement will be aiming. Giving out purchase incentives in some of the Lindsay Ell music downloads is one of the best promotional strategies for Viral Vinyl Records to use in marketing its music. At Viral Vinyl Records, the marketing department has understood trends prevailing within the music market. The company has researched on the music industry history, current situation and major trends in the market. Therefore, Viral Vinyl has a clear picture on both the current and expected dynamics of music sales. The record company has done good analysis on the competition and also analyzed customers’ attitude towards genres like jazz, blues and rock music. This analysis has helped to identify target groups, especially when selecting on the proper strategies of reaching the selected groups. Viral Vinyl will conduct its advertisement processes through social media channels where there is a growing interest for Lindsay Ell music. Viral Vinyl Records target group is the music lovers, especially those who love rock, jazz and blues. The company is targeting social media followers and keeping them up to date on Lindsays activities, especially by informing potential fans about the cities hosting live concerts. In order to understand what Lindsay fans expect, the company will encourage interactive sessions through social media. This way, Viral Vinyl Records will have a better strategy in marketing the music and attracting more customers to buy its tunes. The process of passing intended message to a targeted group, which in this case is the youth will be instrumental in facilitating achievement of

Aluminium Wings Verses Composite And Future Wing Materials Engineering Essay

Aluminium Wings Verses Composite And Future Wing Materials Engineering Essay The comparison of the properties of the materials used in aluminium and composite wings and the advantages and disadvantages of which they both possess and make them suitable for use within the manufacture of wings. A discussion of future materials which have been developed and are suitable for the use in wings will also take place. Collected information came from appropriate websites and books. Aluminium is the widest used material for the manufacture of aircraft wings to date since the first time it was used in the 1920s. Now the use of composites is becoming greater utilized in the manufacturing of aircraft wings at present instead of traditional aluminium wings. This is mainly to do with the weight saving properties that composites can posse. Weight saving properties is just one of the advantages of composite materials, another can be stiffness, but there are also disadvantages to using composites compared to aluminium, such as if they get damaged they need replacing immediately unlike aluminium which is very tolerant to damage. Aluminium production and repair is also much easier than that of composites. Aluminium and composites both have their own advantages and disadvantages and their properties have to be taken into account before any material changes are made. Future developments will hopefully provide a material that which will provide sufficient advantages and mini mal disadvantages compared over composites or aluminium. This report will look at the Boeing 737, which features aluminium wings, and the Boeing 787 dreamliner, which incorporates composite wings, and refer to them for the comparison of the different properties and structures of the two wing types. It will look at each type of material found in a traditional aluminium aircraft wing structure at present and will go into depth about the use of composites in wings instead of aluminium at present and in the future. The types of composites used, as well as investigating whether the structure of the wing had to be altered to compensate for the different properties of the composites will be discussed. The strength and weight properties of each different type of aluminium and composites used in an aircraft wing will also be examined. Types of corrosion which occur on an aluminium wing, including the inspection and repair of it will also be included, as well as the inspection and repair of composite materials and the types of damage which can occur in composites, such as delamination. The cost of production and repair of composites compared to aluminium and aluminium alloys, as well as the weight saved resulting in lower running costs for the company will be examined. The collected information will then be compared and advantages and disadvantages of each type of wing will be produced. It will also look at future aircraft wing materials, such as the use of incorporating aluminium with composites, and if they will change the way aircraft looks at present. The different properties of the new materials will also be examined and compare to the properties of both aluminium and composite wings. An overall conclusion of all the main findings and collected information will also be given. Recommendations will also be given at this point. Methodology After deciding what the topic of the report was going to be about, the research undertaken would need to be relevant. The first part of the study was to find information about Aluminium wings and the materials and structures which made them. This part incorporated finding and recording relevant information from certain websites off the internet. Another source used was finding appropriate books which gave suitable information about the subject in hand. Finding information on composite materials and structures was carried out by the same method. Locating appropriate information about future aircraft wing materials was carried out only with the use of the internet. Findings Aluminium wings Types Aluminium (Al) has been used in aircraft since the 1920s due to it being lightweight while also being relatively strong. It is used over steel as aluminium is three times the density less then that off steel, this means that for the same density the aluminium would be three times thicker, resulting in it being much stronger. Aluminium is also has good corrosion resistance, which is an advantage as an aircraft is subject to all weather conditions. Nowadays aluminium is joined with other elements to change the properties of the metal, improving specific areas of it, creating an aluminium alloy. At the present time, Aluminium alloys make up a vast total of a commercial aircrafts unloaded weight. Alloys Adding different elements to aluminium improve different properties, for example adding zinc to aluminium will improve the strength of the material. The added zinc allows the aluminium to be heat treated, where the metal is heated and cooled which in turn changes the structure of the metal along with its properties. More than one element can be added at the same time resulting in different properties being produced from having the same main alloying element. Even tho some of the properties of the aluminium will improve, the alloying elements need to be correctly chosen as other properties within the metal will be sacrificed. Certain aluminium alloys are used in the manufacturing of aircraft wings, the types of aluminium alloys, along with where it is used, the elements which are used to create the alloy and the improved properties are listed in the table below. Al Alloy Area Used Elements (%) Properties 7178 Spars, Beams, upper wing skin Zinc, magnesium, copper High compressive strength to weight ratio 7055 Lower wing skin Zinc, magnesium, copper Improved stress corrosion and fatigue resistance 7075 Wing ribs zinc Improved stress corrosion cracking resistance, high mechanical properties 2024 Slats, flaps copper Good fatigue performance, fracture toughness, slow propagation rate The Boeing 777 also uses the aluminium alloy 7055 due to it having a greater compressive strength than other alloys that had been tried before. Due to this, it was able to be used in the manufacture of parts of the wing, in the stringers and the upper wing skin. Corrosion Even though Aluminium has good corrosion resistance, it is still susceptible to corrosion. Aluminium is somewhat protected from corrosion as an aluminium oxide film forms on the surface. This is due to the aluminium being protected from additional oxidation by the existing aluminium oxide film. Minimal corrosion, such as light surface or small pitting corrosion, does not normally cause a problem to the metal. Heavier corrosion occurring in metals used on aircraft is not wanted as it can lead to a weakening in the structural rigidity of the metal. If this is not rectified it can lead to a structural failure within part of the aircraft. Corrosion can occur in many different forms, which include pitting, intergranular, and galvanic corrosion. Pitting This is one of the main types of corrosion which occurs on an aircrafts wing. This type of corrosion is a localised type and starts on the surface of a metal, whether it is on the skin panels of the aircraft or within the aircraft itself. It works its way through the surface protection of the metal, and then penetrates its way further into the metal creating a hole within the metal itself. Due to metals have different mechanical and chemical properties, when pitting corrosion occurs, the pits created will be different from one metal to another, as shown in on the right. This hole decreases the strength of the metal due to the grain damage caused by the pitting corrosion.pitting_shape.gif Detection One way of detecting certain corrosion is by using x-rays or gamma rays to take a picture of the piece of metal suspected of having corrosion. Once the picture is developed, it is clear to see where the corrosion, such as pitting, is taking place in the metal, as it produced a darker spot on the film. This is due to less of the radiation being absorbed where the corrosion is taking place. If pitting corrosion is taking place, the image can be used also to establish the depth of the pit within the metal. Another way of determining whether pitting corrosion has occurred on a piece of metal is by the use of Eddy currents. This type of non-destructive testing uses magnetic fields, where the metal object being tested is placed. The magnetic field is produced by putting an alternating current through a coil. An alternation in the back EMF (Electromotive force) occurs when the eddy current gets disturbed by a pit in the metal. This alternation is amplified so it can be seen as an image or heard as a sound by the operator. Prevention There are lots of ways to try and prevent corrosion from occurring. One method is to uses surface treatments which protect the surface of the metal, therefore reducing the chance of corrosion and painting the metal surface can also prevent corrosion as no air or moisture can tough the metal. The use of cathodic protection can also prevent corrosion. Composites The use of composites within aircrafts is a relatively new concept. They were first introduced in the 1980s in secondary aircraft components, such as wing leading and trailing edges, and then as more composites were produced they made their way into larger structures in the 1990s. The Boeing 787 dreamliner tries to make the fullest use out of composite materials that is possible. Around 50% of the full aircraft, including several parts of the wings are manufactured using composites. The rest is manufactured using other materials, such as aluminium, which incorporate properties which at the present cannot be bettered by composites. At the moment composites are used mainly on non structural parts of the wings, and are used on parts such as the wings skins and the flaps. The great attraction for airline industries to use composites within the manufacture of their aircraft is because composites can be strong, and at the same time be lightweight. This means that heavier metals can be replaced with lighter weight composites which have the same strength. This causes the overall weight of the aircraft to decrease, resulting in a more fuel efficient aircraft as less fuel is needed to be burned to move the aircraft. This is an advantage to an airline company as it would result in lower running costs for that aircraft. Costs in manufacturing were also managed to be reduced as during assembly, a smaller quantity of fasteners were needed and there were also a smaller amount of parts required to construct the component. Composites do have disadvantages compared to metals for use within aircraft. One of these is that damage to composites can be difficult to see. Another is due to the fact that composites do not conduct electricity which may cause a problem if the aircraft is struck by lightning. These have also been concerns regarding the safety of the use of composites if there was a crash. Make up Composites are made up by joining together two or more materials which creates a material with improved properties compared to that of both original materials. Composites are made up of a matrix, which is a resin which joins together with a reinforcing material, which is a fibre. There are different types of reinforcing fibre and matrix which individually have different properties and need to be carefully chosen to make sure that they will be suitable for their purpose within the aircraft if chosen. The most commonly used reinforcing fibre used in aircraft is Kevlar. This is due to it having the greatest impact resistance and tensile strength compared to all other reinforcing materials while still being reasonably light. Types Carbon fibre reinforced plastic is the composite used within the manufacture of the Boeing 787 aircraft wing. This composite is used as it has lightweight qualities while also being very strong, and can have the equivalent strength to steel. It is manufactured using carbon fibre as the reinforcing fibre and the matrix is usually epoxy. Damage One of the main disadvantages with the use of composites is the difficulty to tell if damage has occurred within it, this can be known as barely visible damage. This is due to the way in which the composite structure is manufactured and that the majority of the damage will occur behind the surface. The surface of the composite may only seem to have a small bit of damage, such as a bit of scratched paintwork, while behind it the inside of the structure has been badly damaged. Delamination can happen due to moisture being able to go through the surface of the composite. If this moisture freezes, which can occur at high altitudes, it will start to force the layers of the composites apart. This could continue to occur if undetected causing serious damage to the composite structure. Fibre damage, where the fibres within the reinforcing material break, and matrix damage, where the matrix splits, may also occur if there is damage to the composite. Inspection There are several ways of testing for damage to composites. The simplest one of these is tap testing. This is where the surface of the composite is tapped using either a light hammer or a coin. An area of which is undamaged will make a ringing sound where as a duller note will be heard if the area is damaged. A more accurate version of this method can be had with the use of an electronic tap tester. Other methods of detecting damage are with the use of ultrasonic or x-ray machines. All these forms of testing are known as non destructive testing. This is due to no damage is needed to be made to the component getting tested by any of these methods. Repair Unlike Aluminium which can withstand damage and still be useable, composites when damaged have to be either repaired or replaced immediately. Repairing a composite panel is considerably more difficult than repairing an aluminium panel. This means that the repair will take a longer time in comparison, and will mean that the aircraft will be out of service longer. The cost of the materials to replace the damaged part is also more expensive, and may not be available at the airport where the damage is detected. Special training for working with composites may also be needed, resulting in even greater costs for the airline operator. Lightning Strikes The use of metal wing skins meant that if there was a lightning strike on the aircraft, it would be dispersed over the whole body of the aircraft and would dissipate at the end of the wings, through static dischargers, due to its conductive nature. The problem with the use of some composites as a wing skin is that they are considerable less conductive compared to a metal wing skin. Therefore, this could lead to damage occurring to the composite panel as the intensity of the lightning strike would be concentrated on the spot it hit as there would be no way for the energy to disperse due to the non conductive nature of the composite. The main danger of this is that the energy of the lightning bolt may be able to penetrate through the surface of the skin enough to produce a spark inside the wings where the fuel tanks are. This spark could cause the fuel vapour within the tanks to ignite, causing an explosion within the wing. Boeing have created several ways to prevent this scenario from occurring within their 787 dreamliner. The main method is having a thin metal mesh on the outside of the composite. This causes the composite skin panel to act in the same way as the metal one, and disperse the energy of the lightning strike over the whole surface of the aircraft. They also make sure that each fastener holding the composite skin panel to the wing structure is tightly fitting, preventing sparking from occurring between the spaces. Edge sealant will also be used to make sure there are no gaps present, and can be of either a glass fibre or goop. The use of a nitrogen generating system will be used to add nitrogen into the fuel tank, which will mix with the fuel vapours creating a safer non-flammable mixture should a spark occur. Future Materials New materials are continually being created by the aviation industry to try and lighten their aircrafts, and thus making them more appealing to airline operators. There has been increased competition to try and make composite materials which can be used throughout an aircraft. Other manufacturers are looking for slightly different ways to improve on materials that are available at present, with the use of shape memory alloys. Composite Spar Al/Composite The continued development of composites has lead to the creation of a material which incorporates both aluminium and composite. This material would be ideal for the use in aircraft wings due to several properties in which it possesses. The main one being that it is virtually fully resistant to metal fatigue. Metal fatigue comes about due to the cyclic loading of material. This will lead to a failure of the metal after a crack starts within the component then increases in size. This is relevant in aircraft wings as they experience cyclic loading as the lift generated by them changes during flight, such as take off and during patches of turbulence. Compared to the manufacturing costs of composites, the manufacturing costs of this material are significantly lower. As well as this, repairs to damaged sections are more straightforward compared to composites, which reduce the cost. The strength properties in which this material holds are greater than the composites which are used in aircraft wings at the present time. The most noticeable being the Boeing 787 which incorporates carbon fibre reinforced plastic. Due to this increased strength, the thickness of the material needed can be reduced and this can lead to a weight saving of around twenty percent, which is equivalent of between 600 to 800kg. This reduction in weight will cause a reduction in fuel use, along with the reduction in maintenance cost will reduced the overall running costs imposed on the airline operator. Morphing wing Shape memory alloys have existed for a reasonable long time, but it is only recently in which it has found a purpose within the airline industry. The use of shape memory alloys within the manufacture of aircraft wings is being looked at to improve the efficiency of the wing. This would happen as the flight crew would be able to change the shape of parts of the wing during different flight operations. There has been research into the development of a fully morphing wing and also that of a morphing winglet. Both of these ideas would lead to several advantages, but there are also disadvantages of the use of shape memory alloys. The main advantage of this material is that it can remember its shape after being deformed. When the material has been deformed, if the material is then heated to a certain temperature it will return to original shape. These materials also incorporate the property of Pseudo elasticity, which is super elasticity. This is when if the alloy is subjected to load it will stretch and change form. The load imposed on the material will then be absorbed, and it will return to its original form and shape. Shape memory alloys, such as Nickel Titanium, can be polished to give very smooth finishes resulting in a reduction in drag as the air flows over it. There are disadvantages which hold up the development of shape memory alloys, which include the difficulty and the cost of manufacture. The main problem with the use of this material in aircraft wings is that it does not have very good fatigue properties, which one needs. A shape memory alloy is manufactured to the shape in which it will take when heat is applied to it. As the reactivity of titanium is high, the use of a vacuum during manufacture is common. Hot working is one of the methods used to create these types of alloy and is where the material is heated up to temperatures of 900oc and then shaped. Cold working is another method that can also be used, but comes with the disadvantage that the material need constant heat treatment due to work hardening occurring. The use of this material in winglets would allow the winglets to change shape depending on the flight conditions such as the relative airspeed of the aircraft. This would allow them to have the most efficient angle between them and the wing. A reduction in wing vortices would then be able to occur over each flight operation. The drag experience on the aircraft at each point would be minimised, in turn reducing the fuel consumption of the aircraft as less thrust is required to move the aircraft would decrease. The idea of the winglets flattening out during takeoff and landing is also being examined as the wing would produce more lift at the slower speeds. This means there would be a reduction of noise generated from the engines as less thrust would be required. Constructing a wing out of smart alloy materials has been look at as it could lead to several advantageous properties, such as weight saving and reduction in drag. This means that the wing could change shape during flight operations to make them more efficient. The wing surface would be continuous as there would be no gaps in between flap and the surface would be smoother as there would be fewer rivets needed. This would result in a reduction of drag generated from the surface of the wing. A reduction in weight could be seen from the removal of the hydraulic system needed to move the control surfaces of the wing at present. There has also been investigation into using the shape memory alloy for use in just the leading and trailing edges as a replacement for the traditional metal flaps. The overall result of using shape memory alloys to replace traditional wings would be better fuel consumption as there would be a reduction of drag and weight. Discussion Conclusion I recommend that there should be a continued development of composites within the airline sector. This will lead to the manufacture of composites which are strong enough to be used on the main structural parts of the wings, and which could also be used on other components of the aircraft. The more widely use of composites would also lead to a reduction of weight of the aircraft, making them more fuel efficient and more environmentally friendly. This would also be an advantage for the airline company as there would be a reduction in the amount of fuel needed resulting in reduced running costs.

Daniel Boone Book Report :: Biography Biographies Bio

Daniel Boone was born November 2, 1734 in a log cabin in Berks County, near Pennsylvania. Boone is one of the most famous pioneers in history. He spent most of his life exploring and settling the American frontier. Boone had little formal education, but he did learn the skills of a woodsmen early in life. By age 12 his hunting skill and skill with a rifle helped keep his family well provided with wild game. In 1756 Boone married Rebecca Bryan, a pioneer woman with great courage and patience. He spent most of the next ten years hunting and farming to feed his family. In 1769 a trader and old friend, John Findley, visited Boone's cabin. Findley was looking for an overland route to Kentucky and needed a skilled woodsman to guide him. In 1769 Boone, Findley and five men traveled along wilderness trails and through the Cumberland gap in the Appalachian mountains into Kentucky. They found a "hunter's paradise" filled with buffalo, deer, wild turkey and meadows ideal for farming. Boone vowed to return with his family one day. In 1775 Boone and 30 other woodsmen were hired to improve the trails between the Carolinas and the west. The resulting route reached into the heart of Kentucky and became known as the "Wilderness Road." That same year Boone built a fort and village called Booneborough in Kentucky, and moved his family over the Wilderness Trail to their new home. Boone had numerous encounters with the native people of Kentucky. In 1776 Shawnee warriors kidnapped his daughter and two other girls. Two days later Boone caught up with the Indians, and through surprise attack rescued the girls. In 1778 he was captured by another band of Shawnee. Boone learned that the tribe was planning an attack on Boonseborough. He negotiated a settlement with Chief Blackfish of the Shawnee, preventing the attack. The Indians admired their captive for his skill as a hunter and woodsman. Boone was adopted into their tribe as a son of Blackfish. When Boone learned the Shawne were planning another assault, he escaped to warn his people.

The Difference between Person Centred and Psychodynamic therapy

‘Person-centred and psychodynamic counsellors have a lot to offer each others†¦.. however when the differences between the approaches are examined there are significant areas of contradiction and incompatibility' Wheeler and McLeod (1995) briefly compare the key principles of Person Centred and Psychodynamic approach and critically evaluate where the approaches part company with one another Person centred and psychodynamic counsellors, both have one main aim -to help people develop in a positive way and to move forwards , however the methods they use to reach this goal varies . I will give a brief description of both of the key concepts and compare them ,then evaluate how these differences make the two approaches separate . The Psychodynamic Approach focuses on our mind soul and spirit and how our past can influence these aspects especially our childhood experiences and unresolved childhood conflicts can lead to anxiety and problems when older. Psychodynamic is very much about looking into our unconscious it also delves into how people deceive themselves as to our intentions desires and beliefs and how these deceptions can cause conflict between our expressed goals and our actions. Important aspects of Freudian theory has been the idea that these traumatic experiences are actively repressed and therefore clients are likely to repeat patterns of behaviours . he key concepts address psychosexual stages that occur in the childhood stages of development , the id, ego, super ego and ego defences mechanisms, Freud believed all of these unconscious thought processes lead to a persons present behaviour. Psychodynamic counsellors goal is to make the client aware of there unconscious and dive into there early childhood conflicts . Interpreting transference is often used to link these past conflicts to the present problems, dream analysis may be used to achieve this, free association and possibly transference is used to unlock past co nflicts The Person Centred Approach is more directed as looking at a person as a whole and looks at people with a positive approach and believes with the right given conditions everyone should be able to grow and reach there full potential and even though the past is taken into consideration it is not the main theme like psychodynamic , the main matter now is the present and the relationship between the client and the counsellor and counselling skills are vital in order to make the client feel like they can express themselves Dave Mearns acknowledged the important skills as being congruence ,empathy and unconditional positive regard. The key concepts involves looking a persons present and helping them move onwards to do this counsellors must look at aspects such as the actualising tendency(growth and development) and the six therapeutic conditions (the conditions needed to embrace change). The aims of a person centred counsellor is to provide the right environment for a client and offer a place where the client can feel free to explore themselves and the aspects of change that need to occur a counsellor must have certain qualities to encourage these changes, they must be genuine and have UPR and often try to achieve change by probing and formal analysis this involved a lot of questions and can be time consuming, especially if a client does not want to open up. We can see where these approaches part with each other, the two approaches both have different models of looking at personality and have different therapeutic aims and different techniques to reach these aims. Whereas the person centred approach focus's on experiencing and expressing feelings the psychodynamic approach aims to look at the underlying anxiety behind these feelings and the unconscious thought behind them. n a person centred approach this may result in congruence (directly addressing a situation ) which entails genuineness and personal disclosure in order for the client to feel self aware and would help with self acceptance and possible help the client with some aspects of there questions . owever counter-transference would be used in psychodynamic counselling ( expressing ones own unconscious feelings onto the therapist) and use this as psychodynamic counsellors believe a client may be using defence mechanisms, therefore must look into their unconscious and may not alwa ys answer questions . this may lead to different reactions in the client a client may feel that the psychodynamic approach of counter transference my be distant as psychodynamic counsellors try to be more professional however in person centred the client may feel more invited to open up . Another clear difference in the two is the way that gender is addressed , psychodynamic counsellors see men and women as psychologically different due the theory of the Oedipus complex yet person centred does not emphasised gender ,therefore psychodynamic approach has been criticised for being phallo-centric . The same applies when cultural differences is looked at however this time it is the psychodynamic approach that does not address culture but the person centred approach that adapts its skills to suite peoples backgrounds . When I look at these two approaches its clear that they separate because overall psychodynamic counselling is about detailed elaboration and looks towards the past and what did exist and what conflicts have not been resolved and believes that people are very self destructive ,all in all psychodynamic approach is a very un positive look on people as a whole and it is often criticized for putting to much emphasis on the past and the stages of development Freud often gets criticized for being old fashioned in comparison to the person centred approach however psychodynamic counselling did offer a lot of new ideas into counselling and still remains very influential. In conclusion I think that there are benefits to both of the counselling approaches and combined persons centred and psychodynamic approaches and together would be a good way to approach counselling however this is debated over widely and not always considered plausible but I think it depends on the therapists individual skills and the model of therapy they use with a client . overall I think that both approaches aim to help the client excel but have very different ways of approaching this and in terms of focusing on a individuals recovery and their overall well being I believe the person centred approach succeeds.

Essay on School Cell and Eukaryotic Cells

Essay on School Cell and Eukaryotic Cells Essay on School: Cell and Eukaryotic Cells Tierra Wells January 14, 2014 4th hour Biology 1 Final Exam Study Guide 1. What molecule in the body stores the most energy? The molecule in the body that stores the most energy is fats. 2. What is a virus made of? What are the characteristics of a virus? A virus is made up of nucleic acids enclosed in a protein coat. The characteristic of a virus is that it replicates itself. 3. Be able to identify the difference between an animal and plant cell. An animal cell doesn’t have a wall, a plant cell has a wall. 4. Know all the organelles and their function. a. Nucleolus- Makes ribosomes. B. Mitochondria- Transform’s energy. C. Nucleus- The organelle that holds the cells genetic information. D. Vacuole- The organelle that stores waste. E. Plasma membrane- The flexible boundary between the cell and its environment that controls the amount of nutrients that can enter the cell. F. Cell wall- The rigid structure that allows certain nutrients or molecules to pass and doesn’t allow others. G. Lysosomes- The organelle that contains digestive enzymes. H. Ribosome- Synthesize/make Protein according to the information of the DNA in the nucleus. I. Chloroplast- The organelle that captures light energy and transforms it into chemical energy. J. Golgi Apparatus- The Organelle that sort, package and transport proteins to appropriate destination. K. Endoplasmic Reticulum- The site of chemical reactions. L. Cytoplasm- Clear gel-like substance that holds the cell organelles. 5. What are 10 differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? Eukaryotic cells have a True nucleus, bound by a double membrane. Prokaryotic cells have no nucleus. Prokaryotic cells are much smaller. Prokaryotic cells don’t have membrane bound organelles. Eukaryotic cell wall composition varies between species. Eukaryotic cells are associated with histones. Prokaryotic cells are dived by binary fusion. Eukaryotic cells are more complex, and multicellular organisms. Eukaryotic have DNA and flagella. Prokaryotic cells are unicellular. 6. What two body systems work together to fight against bacterial and viral infections? The Two body systems that works together to fight against bacterial and viral infections are the Immune system and lymphatic system. 7. What organ system of the body is the body is the first defense against infection? The Organ system of the body that is the first defense against infection is immune response. 8. Draw and label the structure of a carbohydrate, lipid, polypeptide, and protein. See attachment. 9. What is a nucleotide, codon, amino acid and nucleic acid made of? A nucleotide is a made of deoxyribose and the nitrogenous base and phosphate group. Codon- Makes up four nitrogen Bases: adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine. Amino acid- Made polypeptides, chains on Proteins. Nucleic acid- Nitrogenous base of phosphate group. 10. How does protein differ from protein? N/A 11. What are the 4 functions of protein? The four functions of protein are energy, insulation for the body, enzymes for digestion, and coagulation. 12. When your blood sugar increased what hormone increases? When your blood sugar is increased amylin, pancreas

Body Systems of Humans, Crayfish, Pigs, and Earthworms Essays

Body Systems of Humans, Crayfish, Pigs, and Earthworms Essays Body Systems of Humans, Crayfish, Pigs, and Earthworms Paper Body Systems of Humans, Crayfish, Pigs, and Earthworms Paper Body Systems of Various Organisms All organisms in the world have a range of systems and organs in their body. Some organisms may share similar body systems while others have absolutely nothing in common. Several of those organisms include humans, pigs, crayfish, and earthworms. From their mushy, gushy organs to their soft, gentle skin, you may think, â€Å"How are humans and pigs possibly alike? Or a crayfish and an earthworm? † In many ways they may not be, but in other ways, they are very much alike. The body systems that will be compared and contrasted of these organisms are the nervous, circulatory, reproductive, muscular, integumentary, digestive, excretory, and skeletal systems. The anatomy of a human is very complex with many body systems and organs. Those systems and organs help our body function and carry out everyday activities. Our brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and basic nerves help collect, transfer, and process information with the help of the nervous system. It helps command our body’s motor functions, the way that we move, and response to stimuli. Compared to a human, pigs have the same type of nervous system with the same parts and the same functions. As for a crayfish’s nervous system, it is composed of a ventral nerve cord fused with segmental ganglia, sup esophageal, and sub esophageal ganglia. The sup esophageal and sub esophageal ganglia control the head appendages in response to the sensory input received from receptors. An earthworm also has the same type nervous system as a human, just like a pig. As for the circulatory system, a human’s pumps blood to and from the body and lungs with the help of the heart, blood vessels, and arteries. A pig, however, has a heart, blood, blood vessels, lungs, and a circulatory mechanism. The heart, blood, blood vessels, and lungs have the same functions and structures as humans but the circulatory mechanism’s function is quite unique. Its circulatory mechanism circulates blood between the heart and the rest of the body except for the lungs. The crustaceous crayfish’s and squirming earthworm’s circulatory systems are the same as a human’s. Reproduction of a human involves the joining of a male sperm cell and a emale egg cell. The reproductive system of a male involves the testes, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and the penis. As for the female, the ovaries, ovum, fallopian tube, uterus, vagina, and mammary glands are involved. A male uses his penis and deposits a sperm cell into a woman’s vagina and then the sperm travels up to fertilize her egg cell. The reproductive system of a pig is also the same as a human’s reproductive system. A crayfish has some similar bodily structures for reproduction as a human. A male has vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and a penis while a female has a fallopian tube, ovum, uterus, vagina, and mammary glands. The only difference from humans is that the fertilization of the egg occurs outside of the fish body. The female releases the egg and the male fertilizes it soon after it comes out. An earthworm’s reproduction is the most unique. It involves clitella’s in both males and females. They reproduce by two worms coming together  in opposite directions with their clitella’s in contact of their mating partners. A humanoid muscular system involves three types of muscles: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. All of these muscles work together to help our body move. Skeletal muscles are attached to bones, smooth muscles surround blood vessels and organs in our digestive system, and cardiac muscle is the muscle found only in the heart. As for a pig’s muscular system, it includes smooth muscle found in the digestive system and genital areas as well as on the walls of the blood vessels. The cardiac and skeletal muscles are the same and have the same functions as humans. All the muscles help give an extra layer of defense and protection within the said parts of the body. The crayfish’s muscular system covers parts of its legs, tail, and abdominal area. It is mainly just skeletal muscle and tissue that covers and protects the outer bone lining. Basically speaking, an earthworm has two muscles, circular and longitudinal, that allow for locomotion with the muscular system. They run throughout their entire bodies and also help with contraction. Integumentary systems of humans include the skin, nails, and hair. They act as the barrier between the body’s internal and external environments. A pig’s integumentary system is also the same as a humans’. The crayfish’s ntegumentary system consists of its outer shell and its gills. The shell keeps things out of its body and the gills allow them to breathe. An earthworm’s integumentary system controls many of the worm’s life processes. Its body absorbs oxygen from its surroundings and allows it to diffuse into the blood through the layered skin. The skin also activa tes sensitivity to light, touch, and other chemicals in its environment. Our mouth, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, gallbladder, large intestine, small intestine, rectum, and anus come together to form the digestive system which breaks down our food into simpler molecules. The food enters through the mouth, travels down the esophagus, breaks down in the stomach, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder and then moves through the intestines down to the rectum and anus. A pig’s digestive system is no different than a human’s. A foregut, midgut, hindgut, and a digestive gland form the digestive system of a crayfish. The foregut contains the stomach (partially breaks the food down), the midgut is an extension of the foregut, the hindgut consists of the anus (releases the digested enzymes), and the digestive gland secretes enzymes that aid in the absorption of the digested products. As for an earthworm’s digestive system, it is partitioned into many regions, each with a certain function. It consists of the pharynx, the esophagus, the crop, the intestines, anus, and the gizzard. Food enters through the mouth, it’s swallowed by the pharynx, passes through the esophagus, moves to the gizzards where the food is completely broken down, and then travels through its intestines and down to the anus. Humans, like many other organisms, have excretory systems that remove wastes from our bodies. They include the skin, lungs, kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. Our excretory system also helps us maintain homeostasis. The kidneys, aorta, kidney pylorus, ureters, bladder, and urethra make up the excretory system of pigs. Its waste removal process helps it maintain its fluid balance as well as processing protein absorption. A crayfish’s excretory organs are called the antennal glands because they are located at the base of the second antenna. They excrete the waste products of blood filtration and remove them from the body. An earthworm has niphridia, which are similar to kidneys, and nephridia, which are ventral pores that excrete waste in the excretory system. Unprocessed waste comes down to the niphridia and is then processed completely and removed through the nephridia. The human skeletal system includes our bones and tissues that aid in the support, protection, and movement of our body. A normal human skeleton consists of 206 bones; however, extra bones can form due excess amounts of tissue. Pig’s have the same type of skeletal system but have 216 bones rather than 206. A crayfish has a hard exoskeleton that protects and supports the body. It has 8 jointed walking legs, a segmented body, 2 pairs of sensory antennae, and a pair of compound eyes. These make up the skeletal system that supports, protects, and helps move the body. Earthworms don’t have a skeletal system for they are invertebrates and have no bones in their bodies at all. In conclusion, humans, pigs, crayfish, and earthworms all have body systems that are both unique and also different. Humans and pigs have the same nervous, reproductive, integumentary, digestive, and skeletal systems. Humans and crayfish both have an identical circulatory system while humans and earthworms have alike nervous and circulatory systems. Pigs and crayfish don’t have exactly alike systems but their circulatory systems both pump blood to their hearts and bodies in similar ways. As for pigs and earthworms, they have similar nervous systems that control motor functions as well as response to stimuli. Crayfish and earthworms have identical circulatory systems for blood filtration throughout the body. All of the body systems within a number of organisms are unique in their own way. Some organisms have similar body systems and body functions but all of them are different in one way or another. It could be size, color, configuration, location, name, etc. Overall, body systems are crucial in all organisms to carry out normal daily activity whether it’s a small ant, gigantic whale, or a normal five-foot human. References Addison, W. (2001, October 15). Earthworms. School of Arts amp; Sciences University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved November 27, 2011, from sas. upenn. edu/~rlenet/Earthworms. html Carpi, A. (1999, May 18). Basic Anatomy Organs amp; Organ Systems. Courses Pages. Retrieved November 27, 2011, from http://web. jjay. cuny. edu/~acarpi/NSC/14-anatomy. tm Devlin, E. (1990, July 19). Fetal Pig Dissection. people. hsc. edu. Retrieved November 27, 2011, from http://people. hsc. edu/faculty-staff/edevlin/edsweb01/new_page_14. htm Nale, M. (2004, September 8). The Crayfish Corner Information. mackers. com. Retrieved November 27, 2011, from http://mackers. com/crayfish/info. htm Nowicki, S. (2010). Biology Grades 9-12 Holt McDougal Biology Florida Orlando: Houghton Mifflin. T. , D. (2011, November 3). Earthworm Body Systems. Informed Farmers. Retrieved November 27, 2011, from informedfarmers. com/earthworm-body-systems/